Extended Reading List

On this page (Table of Contents)

Conceptualising and defining international students

Asmar, C. (2005). Internationalising students: Reassessing diasporic and local student difference. Studies in Higher Education, 30(3), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070500095713

Bennett, S., Ichikawa, A., Lin, Yuqi, Pannirselvam, M., & Uerpairojkit, T. [Joint First Authors]. (2023). Working towards inclusive definitions of international students: Reflecting, refiguring and reconceptualising as international students and researchers. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-3

Brooks, R., & Waters, J.L. (2022). Partial, hierarchical and stratified space? Understanding “the international” in studies of international student mobility. Oxford Review of Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2022.2055536

Brunner, L. R., Streitwieser, B., & Bhandari, R. (2026). Classifications and clarifications: Rethinking international student mobility and the voluntariness of migration. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 24(2), 549-563.  https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2023.2261416

Cranston, S. & Esson, J. (2024). Producing international students: Migration management and the making of population categories. The Geographical Journal, 190, e12582. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12582

Eulatth Vidal, W. E., & Kamp, A. (2025). Exploring international students’ perspectives on being ‘international’. Higher Education Quarterly, 79, e12565. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12565

Gargano, T. (2009). (Re)conceptualizing international student mobility: The potential of transnational social fields. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(3), 331-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315308322060

Hayes, A., & Wang, S. (2025). International(ised) students in East and Southeast Asia: Towards a new conceptualisation. Routledge. Available at: https://www.routledge.com/International-ised-Students-in-East-and-Southeast-Asia-Towards-a-New-Conceptualisation/Hayes-Wang/p/book/9781041009795

Huang, Z. M. (2021). Intercultural personhood: A non-essentialist conception of individuals for intercultural research. Language and Intercultural Communication, 21(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2020.1833898

Jones, E. (2017). Problematising and reimagining the notion of ‘international student experience.’ Studies in Higher Education, 42(5), 933–943. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1293880

Madge, C., Raghuram, P., & Noxolo, P. (2015). Conceptualizing international education: From international student to international study. Progress in Human Geography, 39(6), 681-701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132514526442

Merabet, R. (2024). Students we label international: An urgent call to reconceptualise research with international students. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-01-2024-0048p

Steyn, C., & Gunter, A. (2021). When an international student stays at home: Defining an international student in distance education. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 47(1), 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2021.1991289

Tsouroufli M, Ferri G (2025). Guest editorial: Bordering, othering and reconceptualizing the inter/national subject in higher education. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 44(3), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-04-2025-551

Discourses and imaginaries about international students

Abelmann, N., & Kang, J. (2014). A fraught exchange? US media on Chinese international undergraduates and the American university. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(4), 382-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315313479852

Beck, K. (2023). Seeing international students: Challenging the culture trap. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-23

Devos, A. (2003). Academic standards, internationalisation, and the discursive construction of “the international student.” Higher Education Research & Development, 22(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360304107

Hayes, A. (2018). Nation boundedness and international students’ marginalisation: What’s emotion got to do with it? International Studies in Sociology of Education, 27(2-3), 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2018.1453305

Haugh, M. (2008). The discursive negotiation of international student identities. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 29(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596300801966849

Jokila, S., & Plamper, R. (2025). Reimagining international students in public discourses: Can media facilitate the inclusion of international students in society?. Journal of Global Higher Education, 1(1), 111–127.  https://doi.org/10.25774/jghe.v1i1.11

Liu, Y., & Qian, Y. (2023). Causes, mechanisms and consequences of othering international students in higher education. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-8

Lomer, S., Taha, S.H., & Hayes, A. (2023). Deficit narratives in research on international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-10

Marginson, S. (2012). Including the other: Regulation of the human rights of mobile students in a nation-bound world. Higher Education, 63(4), 497-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9454-7

Mittelmeier, J. (2025). Against ‘integration’ in research and practice with international students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 29(4), 603-617. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153241308744   

Stein, S., & de Andreotti, V. O. (2016). Cash, competition, or charity: International students and the global imaginary. Higher Education, 72(2), 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9949-8 

Sun, Y. (2026). Unwanted in the homeland? The image of Chinese international students on Chinese social media Zhihu. Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-025-01609-7   

Suspitsyna, T., & Shalka, T.R. (2019). The Chinese international student as a (post)colonial other: An analysis of cultural representations of a US media discourse. The Review of Higher Education 42(5), 287-308.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0053.  

Tran, L.T., & Hoang, T. (2023). Unpacking the devaluation of international students and moving towards the humanisation of international student experiences. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-6

Ploner, J. (2018). International students’ transitions to UK higher education – Revisiting the concept and practice of academic hospitality. Journal of Research in International Education, 17(2), 164-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240918786690

Unkule, K. (2023). Conceptualising to transcend: Glocal imaginaries and international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/9781003290803-19

Yi, J.E., & Jung, G. (2015). Public discourses about international students. Sociology Compass, 9(9), 776-783. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12293

Yu, J. (2025). #YouAreWelcomeHere? The two faces of American higher education toward Chinese international students. Asia Pacific Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-025-10097-4

Critiquing research with international students

Start with our network’s book!
Mittelmeier, J., Lomer, S., & Unkule, K. (2024). Research with international students: Critical conceptual and methodological considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803

Adriansen, H.K., & Spangler, V. (2023). Reflecting on international students and researcher positionality. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-26

Deterala, S. (2024). ‘You wanna talk afterwards?’ Ontoepistemological implications of the researcher self in fictional research narratives. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 47(5), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2024.2328806

Deuchar, A. (2022). The problem with international students’ ‘experiences’ and the promise of their practices: Reanimating research about international students in higher education. British Journal of Educational Research, 48(3), 504-518. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3779

Dollinger, M., Gupta, S., & Nguyen, T.A. (2023). It’s only fiction until it exists: Co-designing research with international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-28

Fay, R., Andrews, J., Huang, Z. M., & White, R. (2023). Linguistic diversity in research with and by international students: Considerations for research design and practice. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-31

Glass, C. R., & Whatley, M. (2025). Open Doors, Closed Eyes: Why International Education Needs Better Data. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 57(4), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091383.2025.2511580

Heng, T.T., & Lu, N. (2023). Stereotypes of international students: Reflecting on our scholarly responsibilities through conceptual framings. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-7

Lipura, S. J., & Collins, F. L. (2020). Towards an integrative understanding of contemporary educational mobilities: A critical agenda for international student mobilities research. Globalisation Societies and Education, 18(3), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2020.1711710

McKinley, K. M. (2023). Conducting critical quantitative research with international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-30

McKinley, K. M. (2024). Increasing survey response rates: Framing international students as potentially vulnerable and hard-to-reach. Research in Comparative and International Education, 19(2), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/17454999241253059

Mittelmeier, J. (2025). Shifting research with international students away from documenting experiences toward transforming practices. International Higher Education, 123. https://doi.org/10.6017/895b9e0d.b1d10376

Montgomery, C.M. (2023). Re-centring constructions of international students in writing: The ‘empire writes back’. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-32

Nada, C. (2023). Reflecting on international students’ voices and experiences in qualitative data: A narrative approach. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-29

Nikula, P., Yang, Y., & Castaneda, R.A. (2026). Students as informants: Methodological considerations in education agent research. Critical Internationalization Studies Review, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.70531/2832-3211.1054

Page, A.G., & Chahboun, S. (2019). Emerging empowerment of international students: How international student literature has shifted to include the students’ voices. Higher Education, 78, 871–885 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00375-7

Ploner, J. (2023). Developing complex narratives about international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-12

Spangler, V. (2024). Doing research with international students: Methodological considerations for participatory research designs. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2024.2429833

Histories of international students

See also Historical Overviews of Internationalisation

Adnett, N. (2010). The growth of international students and economic development: Friends or foes? Journal of Education Policy, 25(5), 625-637. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680931003782827

Burke, R. (2017). International student accommodation and changing foreign policy alignments in 1950s Australia. History Australia, 14(4), 626–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2017.1389229

Choudaha, R. (2017). Three waves of international student mobility (1999–2020). Studies in Higher Education, 42(5), 825-832.  https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1293872 

Glass, C. R., & Minaeva, E. (2025). Four eras of international student mobility (1945-2025): Multipolar securitization, strategic education blocs, and the rise of middle powers. Journal of Global Higher Education, 1(1), 69–88.  https://doi.org/10.25774/jghe.v1i1.336

Hou, M. (2024). Historical roots in positioning Chinese international students in the US: Race and culture from 1872-1949. Dialogues in Social Justice: An Adult Education Journal, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.55370/dsj.v9i2.1828

Kramer, P. A. (2009). Is the world our campus? International students and US global power in the Long Twentieth Century. Diplomatic History, 33(5), 775-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00829.x

Kramer, P.A. (2010). International students and U.S. global power in the Long 20th Century. Asia-Pacific Journal, 8(3), e3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1557466010009162

Lally, M. (2024). Geopolitical implications of educational diplomacy: The Fulbright Program, 1958-2023. Journal of Studies in International Education, 28(5), 780-797. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153241275039

Legrandjacques, S. (2018). Global students? The international mobility and identity of students from colonial India and Indochina, 1880s–1945. Global Histories, 4(2). https://www.globalhistories.com/index.php/GHSJ/article/view/233

McCartney, D. (2016). Inventing international students: Exploring discourses in international student policy talk, 1945-75. Historical Studies in Education, 28(2). https://historicalstudiesineducation.ca/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/view/4457

Nguyễn Vũ, T.L. (2024). A world of their own: Vietnamese students in late Socialist Poland. In M. Colla, & P. Betts (eds). Rethinking Socialist Space in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54581-8_8

O’Mara M. (2012). The uses of the foreign student. Social Science History, 36(4), 583-615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S014555320001049X

Perraton, H. (2017). Foreign students in the twentieth century: A comparative study of patterns and policies in Britain, France, Russia and the United States. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 1(2), 161–186.  https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2017.1303788 

Perraton, H. (2020). International students 1860-2010. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-49946-4

Schwoerer, L., & Raji, S. (2025). Higher education and nation-building after Empire: Migrant students in post-war Britain. The Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261251327782

Shen, W., Wang, C, & Jin, W. (2016).  International mobility of PhD students since the 1990s and its effect on China: A cross-national analysis. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 38(3), 333-353, https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599308247181

Song, J., & Spencer, L. (2025). From colonial Korea to white Australia: Hoyul Kim, Australia’s first Korean international student, 1921–1925. Journal of Australian Studies, 49(3), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2025.2524188

Terzian, S. G., & Osborne, L. A. (2006). Postwar era precedents and the ambivalent quest for international students at the University of Florida. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 286-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306286919

Wen, W. (2018). Inbound international student policies in China: A historical perspective. Asian Education and Development Studies, 7(2), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-09-2017-0097

Yudkevich, M. (2026). International students in Soviet and Russian universities: A critical analysis of changing rationales 1950s – 2025. Comparative Education, 62(1), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2025.2515682

Teaching practices and pedagogies with international students

Dangeni. (2025). Invisible student engagement among Chinese international students in the UK. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 49(9), 1220-1239.. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2025.2544737

Deuchar, A., Fu, J., Gowing, A., & Smith, C. (2024). Enacted spaces of peer learning: Tracing practices of relationality among international students in higher education. Critical Studies in Education, 66(3), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2024.2350479

Deuchar, A. (2026). Tracing pedagogy from below: An affirmative account of international students’ learning practices in higher education. Teaching in Higher Education, 31(5), 936-954. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2026.2630380

Glass, C., Heng, T.T., & Hou, M. (2022). Intersections of identity and status in international students’ perceptions of culturally engaging campus environments. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 89, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.05.003

Heng, T. T., & Lu, N. (2026). International students’ experiences of technology-enhanced differentiated instruction in higher education: Promises, pitfalls, propositions. Teaching in Higher Education, 31(2), 191-210.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2025.2565790

Jiang, J. (2025). Reimagining anti-racist translingual pedagogy through multilingual international students’ digital counter-storytelling practices. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 28(2), 150-166.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2024.2412169 

Lomer, S., & Anthony-Okeke, L. (2019). Ethically engaging international students: Student generated material in an active blended learning model. Teaching in Higher Education, 24(5), 613–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1617264

Madge, C., Raghuram, P., & Noxolo, P. (2009). Engaged pedagogy and responsibility: A postcolonial analysis of international students. Geoforum, 40(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.01.008

Mittelmeier, J., Lomer, S., & Carmichael-Murphy, P. (2026). Academic teaching staff and their conflicting constructions of international students in UK higher education classrooms. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 24(2), 504–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2023.2248903

Nigar, N. (2025). Rethinking diverse academic cultures in Australian higher education: An intercultural experiential-ontological topography. English in Education, 59(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/04250494.2025.2474414

Song, X. (2016). Educating Asian international students: Toward a transcultural paradigm. East Asia, 33(1), 1–8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-016-9252-z 

Tangney, S. (2018). The development of a reflective tool for internationalisation of the curriculum. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 55(6), 640-649. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2017.1386118

Tannock, S. (2018). Educational equality and international students: Justice across borders? Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-76381-1.pdf

Wang, S., Moskal, M., & Schweisfurth, M. (2022). The social practice of silence in intercultural classrooms at a UK university. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 52(4), 600-617. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2020.1798215

Xu, W. (2025). African international students, work integrated learning, and (im)possible selves in Chinese higher education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 46(2), 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2024.2443413

Knowledge creation, epistemologies, and international students

Adan, A., Masamha, R., Hart, P., & Nghishitende, J. (2025). Seeking epistemic justice: Experiences of agency, power, and epistemic disobedience among Black African international doctoral students. Australian Journal of Social Issues. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.70010

Cockayne, H. (2025). Embodied journeys: international students as active co-creators of inclusive higher education spaces. Higher Education Research & Development, 44(5), 1065-1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2025.2463525

Hayes, A. (2019). “We love it because we felt we existed there in the classroom!”: International students as epistemic equals versus double-country oppression. Journal of Studies in International Education, 23(5), 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1028315319826304

Hayes, A., Lomer, S., & Taha, S.H. (2024). Epistemological process towards decolonial praxis and epistemic inequality of an international student. Educational Review, 76(1), 132-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2022.2115463

Huang, Z. M. (2022). A critical understanding of students’ intercultural experience: non-essentialism and epistemic justice. Intercultural Education, 33(3), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2022.2069393

Huang, Z. M. (2022). The use of blind-portrait: an opportunity to de-essentialise intercultural, educational research. Language and Intercultural Communication, 22(2), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2022.2041653

Liyanage, I., Walker, T., & Shokouhi, H. (2021). Are we thinking critically about critical thinking? Uncovering uncertainties in internationalised higher education. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 39, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100762

Mohebali, M. & Jangjou, E. (2025). Breaking silence: A critical duoethnography on examining epistemic violence in negotiating the journey as international graduate students in U.S. higher education. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 55-66.  https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20620

Naidoo, D. (2026). Coloniality in motion: African international students as epistemic agents in South African higher education. Transformation in Higher Education, 11(1). https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4102/the.v11i0.693

Qiu, C. (2025). The name I choose, the self I craft: Chinese international students’ naming practices in the UK. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2025.2577262

Rizvi, F. (2008). Epistemic virtues and cosmopolitan learning. The Australian Educational Researcher, 35(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216873

Song, X., & McCarthy, G. (2018). Governing Asian international students: the policy and practice of essentialising ‘critical thinking.’ Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(3), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1413978

Spangler, V. (2026). Disciplinary perspectives on knowledge and the ‘international classroom.’ Studies in Higher Education, 51(7), 1417-1431.  https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2025.2515116

Spangler, V. (2026). Engagement in knowledge: unpacking dynamics of self-formation among international students. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2026.2689471

Spangler, V. (2026). (Un)making knowledge: Towards cognitive justice in international higher education. Journal of Global Higher Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.25774/journalofglobalhighereducation.v2i1.12

Zhou, L., Mittelmeier, J., Gagnon, J., & Edwards, M. (2026). Critical thinking in translation: eight interpretations by Chinese international postgraduate dissertation students. Teaching in Higher Education.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2026.2663443

Mobilities and geographies

Beech, S.E. (2014). Why place matters: Imaginative geography and international student mobility. Area, 46(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12096

Beech, S.E. (2015). International student mobility: The role of social networks. Social & Cultural Geography, 16(3), 332–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.983961

Beech, S.E. (2019). The Geographies of Student Mobilities. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-7442-5

Beech, S. E. (2018). Adapting to change in the higher education system: international student mobility as a migration industry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(4), 610–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315515

Brooks, R., & Waters, J.L. (2026). Post-Brexit Student Mobilities. Bristol University Press. https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/post-brexit-student-mobilities

Brooks, R., & Waters, J.L. (2011). Student Mobilities, Migration and the Internationalization of Higher Education. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230305588

Brooks, R., & Waters, J.L. (2021). International students and alternative visions of diaspora. British Journal of Educational Studies, 69(5), 557-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2021.1948501

Brooks, R., Courtois, A., Faas, D. et al. (2024). International student mobility within Europe: Responding to contemporary challenges. Higher Education, 88, 1663–1672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-024-01222-0

Brooks, R., & Rensimer, L. (2026). The European Universities Initiative and international student mobility: Policy and student perspectives on an increasingly complex and uneven terrain. Mobilities. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2026.2691011

Brotherhood, T. (2024). International student mobility to Japan: Hitting the target, but missing the point. In J. Wyn, H. Cahill, & H., Cuervo (Eds.) Handbook of Children and Youth Studies. Springer.  https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-981-99-8606-4_113.pdf 

Chankseliani, M. (2018). The politics of student mobility: Links between outbound student flows and the democratic development of post-Soviet Eurasia. International Journal of Educational Development, 62, 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.07.006

Chankseliani, M., Kwak, J., Hanley, N., Akkad, A., Crisostomo, M., & Wang, Z. (2025). International student mobility and poverty reduction: A qualitative study of the mechanisms of systemic change. World Development, 195, 107116.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107116

Collins, F.L. (2008). Bridges to learning: International student mobilities, education agencies and inter-personal networks. Global Networks, 8(4), 398–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2008.00231.x

Delaissea, A-C. Barberb, T., & Huota, S. (2026). A critical examination of international education mobility regimes: Comparative insights from Vietnamese students in Canada, France, and the United Kingdom. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 188(1). https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/jcihe/vol18/iss1/7 

Donnelly, M., & Gamsu, S. (2018). Regional structures of feeling? A spatially and socially differentiated analysis of UK student im/mobility. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 39(7), 961-981. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2018.1426442

Findlay, A. (2011). An assessment of supply and demand-side theorizations of international student mobility: Theorizing international student mobility. International Migration, 49(2), 162–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00643.x

Findlay, A., King, R., Smith, F. M., Geddes, A., & Skeldon, R. (2012). World class? An investigation of globalisation, difference and international student mobility. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(1), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2011.00454.x

Ginnerskov-Dahlberg, M. (2025). In search of a ‘normal place’. The geographical imaginaries of Eastern European students in Denmark. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 23(4), 855–866. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1954495

Hou, C., & Du, D. (2022). The changing patterns of international student mobility: a network perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(1), 248–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1797476

Jokila, S., Filippou, K., & Jolkkonen, A. (2025). Space as an un/equalizer in times of technology and crisis in higher education. Higher Education Research & Development, 44(1), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2024.2429437

Katsumoto, S., Bowman, N.A., & Tennessen, N.F. (2024). The role of rankings in shaping institutional enrollment of international students. Higher Education, 88, 2145-2164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-024-01208

King, R. and Raghuram, P. (2013), International student migration: Mapping the field and new research agendas. Population, Space and Place, 19, 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1746

Kızılkaya, E., Aydoğan, B., Güney, S., Rızvanoğlu, K., & Güden, O. (2025). Bosphorus is a super-element: Mobility culture and urban perception of international students in Istanbul. Mobilities.  https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2025.2585023

Kölbel, A. (2020). Imaginative geographies of international student mobility. Social & Cultural Geography, 21(1), 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2018.1460861

Kondakci, Y., Kasikci, S. K., Kurtay, M. Z., & Aydin, Y. C. (2026). Stepwise Migration Intentions of International Students: An Explanatory Sequential Study. Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153251414977

Lee, J., & Waters, J.L. (2023). Conceptualising ‘mobilities’ in research with international students. Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-20

Lee, J. (2022). When the world is your oyster: International students in the UK and their aspirations for onward mobility after graduation. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 20(3), 277–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1904209

Lee, K. H. (2026). Desire and the making of the mobile subject: China as destination for international students from the west. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 24(5), 1645-1660. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2025.2468666

Lee, J., & Waters, J.L. (2024). “Wow. What’s going on?” Emotional geographies of international student mobility to the UK in a time of crisis. Emotion, Space, and Society, 51, 101015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2024.101015

Lee, H., Jung, H., & Bae, S. Y. (2026). Framing Korea: The role of international student YouTubers in shaping destination perceptions. Current Issues in Tourism, 29(18), 3699–3714. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2025.2477783

Leung, M. W. H., & Waters, J. L. (2017). Educators sans frontières? Borders and power geometries in transnational education. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(8), 1276–1291. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1300235

Lipura, S. J., & Collins, F. L. (2020). Towards an integrative understanding of contemporary educational mobilities: a critical agenda for international student mobilities research. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 18(3), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2020.1711710

Lo, L., Li, W., & Tan, Y. (2023). Students on the move? Intellectual migration and international student mobility. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(18), 4621–4640. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2270331

Marginson, S., & Sawir, E. (2005). Interrogating global flows in higher education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 3(3), 281-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767720500166878

Mulvey, B. (2025). Towards a more just global regime of international student mobility. Ethics and Education, 20(4), 343-356.  https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2025.2533581

Muslim, A.B., Imperiani, E., Musthafa, B., Farlian, T., & Francisco, A. (2026). Enhancing international student motivations in Indonesian universities: Building academic reputation in the Global South. Globalisation, Societies, and Education, 24(5), 1532-1546. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2024.2439420

Netz, N., Van Mol, C., Riaño, Y., & Raghuram, P. (2025). The role of place in international student mobility. Globalisation, Societies, and Education, 23(4),  825-835. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2024.2414036 

Peng, X., & Dai, E. (2025). The impact of scholarships with no compulsory service requirements on international students’ migration decision upon graduation. Economic Analysis and Policy, 86, 779-793.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2025.04.003

Prazeres, L. (2018). At home in the city: everyday practices and distinction in international student mobility. Social & Cultural Geography, 19(7), 914–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2017.1323343

Prazeres L. (2019). Unpacking distinction within mobility: Social prestige and international students. Population, Space, and Place, 25, e2190. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2190

Raghuram, P. (2013), Theorising the spaces of student migration. Population, Space and Place, 19, 138-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1747

Riaño, Y., Van Mol, C., & Raghuram, P. (2018). New directions in studying policies of international student mobility and migration. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(3), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2018.1478721

Sharma, K., & Peng, I. (2025). Contextualising international student migration to Canada: The case of Indian Punjab youths. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 51(19), 5011-5030. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2025.2503960

Singh, M., Rizvi, F., & Shrestha, M. (2007). Student mobility and the spatial production of cosmopolitan identities. In Spatial Theories of Education (pp. 205-224). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Spatial-Theories-of-Education-Policy-and-Geography-Matters/Gulson-Symes/p/book/9780415882552

Spangler, V. (2023). Home here and there: A spatial perspective on mobile experiences of ‘home’ among international students. Social & Cultural Geography, 24(8), 1440-1457. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2022.2065698

Vari-Lavoisier, I. (2025). Financing the future: The contribution of scholarship and self-funded international students to short- and long-term migration to the UK. International Migration, 63(5), e70089. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70089

Vögtle, E.M., & Windzio, M. (2024). Does academic freedom matter for global student mobility? Results from longitudinal network data 2009–2017. Higher Education, 87, 433-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01015-x

Waters, J.L. (2006). Geographies of cultural capital: Education, international migration and family strategies between Hong Kong and Canada. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 31(2), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2006.00202.x

Waters, J.L. (2018). International education is political! Exploring the politics of international student mobilities. Journal of International Students, 8(3), 1459-1478. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1254611

Waters, J.L., & Leung, M.W.H. (2017). Domesticating transnational education: Discourses of social value, self-worth and the institutionalisation of failure in ‘meritocratic’ Hong Kong. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 42(2), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12163

Woldegiorgis, E.T. (2024). The impact of neo-liberal frameworks on student mobility and internationalisation in African Higher Education. South African Journal of Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.20853/38-6-5971

Yang, P. (2018). Compromise and complicity in international student mobility: The ethnographic case of Indian medical students at a Chinese university. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 39(5), 694–708. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2018.1435600

Yang, P. (2020). Toward a framework for (re)thinking the ethics and politics of international student mobility. Journal of Studies in International Education, 24(5), 518-534. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319889891

Zayim-Kurtay, M., Kaya-Kasikci, S., Kondakci, Y. et al. (2025). Im/mobility in a disruptive time: the impact of Covid-19 on the size and directional flow of international student mobility. Comparative Migration Studies, 13(15). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-025-00431-5

Policies and international students

Buckner, E., Lumb, P., Jafarova, Z., Kang, P., Marroquin, A., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Diversity without race: How university internationalization strategies discuss international students. Journal of International Students, 11, 32–49. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11iS1.3842

Dai, K., & Hardy, I. (2023). Equity and opacity in enacting Chinese higher education policy: contrasting perspectives of domestic and international students. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 44(4), 562–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2022.2046548

Geddie, K. (2015). Policy mobilities in the race for talent: Competitive state strategies in international student mobility. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 40(2), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12072

Liu, R., Lim, M. A., & He, R. (2026). Between competition and cooperation: How China’s national policies reimagine international students (2000–2025). Policy Reviews in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2026.2629255

Lomer, S. (2014). Economic objects: How policy discourse in the United Kingdom represents international students. Policy Futures in Education, 12(2), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2014.12.2.273 

Lomer, S. (2018). UK policy discourses and international student mobility: The deterrence and subjectification of international students. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 16(3), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1414584

Lomer, S. (2017). Recruiting International Students in Higher Education: Representations and Rationales in British Policy. Palgrave McMillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-51073-6

Mathies, C., Karhunen, H., & Desjardins, S.L. (2025). If you charge them, will they come? The effect of levying tuition fees on international students. Research in Higher Education, 66(34). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-025-09855-5 

Mulvey, B., & Lo, W. Y. W. (2020). Learning to ‘tell China’s story well’: The constructions of international students in Chinese higher education policy. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 19(5), 545–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2020.1835465

Saling, K. S. (2026). Re-rigging a flagship: The Mexican Government’s CONACYT scholarship programmes and the contested worth of sponsored international student mobility. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 10(1), 24-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2025.2546332

Tran, L. T., Le, T., Blackmore, J., He, B., & Vu, H. Q. (2026). Policy as soft deterrence: Impact of recent policy changes on international students in Australia. Evaluation Review, 50(4), 543-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X251405523

Yao, C.W., Hall, K., & Gause, S. (2024). ‘Are we the normal ones?’: International students’ perceptions of US politics and policies in 2020-2021. Journal of College Student Development, 65(6), 573-590.  https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2024.a944808 

Zhang (张玉婷), Y., & Liao (廖钰), Y. (2021). Higher education for international students in China: A review of policy From 1978 to 2020. ECNU Review of Education, 4(4), 873-889. https://doi.org/10.1177/2096531120974382

Visa and migration structures

Amutuhaire, T. (2025). Internationalization of higher education and immigration policies: Reframing the ethics of international student mobility in East Africa. Cross-Cultural Education Studies, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.63385/cces.v1i1.172

Baas, M. (2019). The education-migration industry: International students, migration policy and the question of skills. International Migration, 57, 222-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12540

Brunner, L. R. (2023). Higher education institutions as eyes of the state: Canada’s international student compliance regime. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 21(2), 236-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2022.2037407

Brunner, L. R. (2023). Settler nation-building through immigration as a rationale for higher education: a critical discourse analysis. Higher Education Research & Development, 42(5), 1086–1102. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2193732

Brunenr, L. R. (2022). Towards a more just Canadian education-migration system: International student mobility in crisis. Studies in Social Justice, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v16i1.2685

Brunner, L. R. (2021). ‘Edugration’ as a wicked problem: Higher education and three-step immigration. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 13(5S), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v13i5S.4061

Cheng, Y., Yang, P., Lee, J., Waters, J.L., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2024). Migration governance and higher education during a pandemic: policy (mis)alignments and international postgraduate students’ experiences in Singapore and the UK. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 50(5), 1138–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2279731

Crumley-Effinger, M. (2026). Mobility, migration, and cultural political economy: Personal narratives of immigration policy. Journal of Comparative and International Education, 18(1). https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/jcihe/vol18/iss1/6/ 

Crumley-Effinger, M. (2022). SEVIS, surveillance, and international students: New avenues for international education surveillance studies. In A.W. Wiseman (ed). Annual Review of Comparative and International Education 2021. Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-36792022000042B008

da Luz Scherf, E., Naseh, M. & Lee, J. (2026). Immigration policies as social determinants of health among international students in the United States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-026-01948-2

Dear, L. (2018). The university as border control. International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 17(1), 7-23. https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/index.php/IEJ/article/view/12216

Di Pietro, G. (2026). The effect of stricter migration policies on mature international students’ intention to study in the UK. SN Social Science, 6(204).  https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-026-01492-8

Harden-Wolfson, E., Hutcheson, S., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Representing the problem of (un)ethical practices in Canada’s post-pandemic international student policy landscape. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 55(2), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v55i2.190701

He, J. (2025). Caught in citizenship limbo: Lessons from the 2025 international student visa crisis in the US. Critical Internationalization Studies Review, 5(1), 1-5. Available at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=cisr

He, J. (2026). Rethinking international student marginalization: Non-citizenship and civic stratification. British Journal of Sociology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2026.2627307

Jenkins, M. (2014). On the effects and implications of UK Border Agency involvement in higher education. The Geographical Journal, 180(3), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12066

Lawlor-Morrison, N., & Da Gama, F. (2026). UK parliamentary debates on international students and migration: a discourse network analysis. Journal of Education Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2026.2661053

Moskal, M. (2017). International students pathways between open and closed borders: Towards a multi-scalar approach to educational mobility and labour market outcomes. International Migration, 55(3), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12301

Murray, R., & Gray, H. (2023). Forced migrants in higher education: ‘sanctuary scholarships’ in a hostile environment. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(3), 795–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1816814

Obinna, D. N. (2026). Visas, surveillance and revocation: the tenuous status of international students in American higher education. Globalizations. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2026.2688001

Omotilewa, O.O., & Johnson, K.M. (2025). The (in)effect of Trump-era anti-immigrant policies and rhetoric on international students: Perceptions of and experiences in US higher education. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 17(4). https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/jcihe/vol17/iss4/8/

Razavipour, E. (2024). Far from perfect: Iranian international students’ experience of human dignity within Canadian/Quebec immigration system. International Journal of Migration and Border Studies, 8(1-2), 94-118. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMBS.2024.140113

Sabzalieva, E., El Masri, A., Joshi, A., Laufer, M., Trilokekar, R. D., & Haas, C. (2022). Ideal immigrants in name only? Shifting constructions and divergent discourses on the international student-immigration policy nexus in Australia, Canada, and Germany. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 6(2), 178–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2022.2096106

Sawata, A. (2025) Student activism in the age of deportability: Toward the coalition between immigrant and international students beyond divisive rhetoric. Journal of Educational Controversy, 17(1).  https://cedar.wwu.edu/jec/vol17/iss1/6 

She, Q., Wotherspoon, T. (2013). International student mobility and highly skilled migration: a comparative study of Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. SpringerPlus, 2(132). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-132

Yu, J. (2026). Between soft power and suspicion: Chinese international students as diasporic actors in U.S.-China geopolitical tensions. British Educational Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.70166

Conflict, war, or violence and international students

Akpakir, Z., & Horton-Parker, R.J.. (2025). Understanding and Helping International Students Cope When Catastrophes Strike in Their Home Countries: A Qualitative Study. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 64(S1), S117–S130. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.70011

Forbes-Mewett, H., & McCulloch, J. (2015). International students and gender-based violence. Violence Against Women, 22(3), 344-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215602344

Gaweł, A., Mroczek-Dąbrowska, K., Głodowska, A., & Wach, K. (2026). Caught in suspension – the pivotal shift in the career intentions of international students’ in times of geopolitical tumult: Ukrainians at universities in Poland. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 24(5), 1596–1610. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2025.2468650

Hutcheson, S. (2020). Sexual violence, representation, and racialized identities: Implications for international students. Education and Law Journal, 29(2), 191-221. https://www.proquest.com/openview/94841c5430526c8b9b15683788e2074c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=44752

Kirkegaard, A.M.Ø., & Nat-George, S.M.L.W. (2016). Fleeing through the globalised education system: The role of violence and conflict in international student migration. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 14(3), 390–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2016.1151769

Mckenzie, M., Tran, L. T., Forbes-Mewett, H., & Tarzia, L. (2026). Strengthening responses to sexual and/or intimate partner violence against women international students: Australian stakeholder perspectives. Higher Education Research & Development, 45(6), 1729–1744. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2026.2634269

McKenzie, M., Medel, C.N., Tran, L.T. et al. (2025). A shattered dream: Women international students’ experiences of intimate partner and sexual violence in Australia. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-025-00938-6

Oleksiyenko, A., & Shchepetylnykova, L. (2024). International students and precarious societies: The complexity of mobility rationales in a war-torn higher education. International Journal of Educational Research, 128, 102464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102464

Ramia, G. (2021). Crises in international education, and government responses: A comparative analysis of racial discrimination and violence towards international students. Higher Education, 82, 599-613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00684-w

Sicka, B., Ungo, N., & Gregory, D. (2024). Social media sanctuaries: A discourse analysis of Indian students’ agency and liminality during the Russian-Ukranian conflict. Journal of Comparative and International Education, 16(3), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v16i3.6303

Tarzia, L., Navarro Medel, C., McLindon, E., Ezer, P., Forbes-Mewett, H., Tran, L. T., Murdolo, A., & Hegarty, K. (2026). Experiences of Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence Among Women International Students in Australia. Violence Against Women, 32(5), 1080-1103. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012251323267

Whatley, M., & Kumbal, J. S. (2026). Exploring the Relationship Between International Student Enrollment at US Higher Education Institutions and Mass Shootings. Journal of Studies in International Education, 30(2), 247-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153251373030

International students’ general experiences

Abdelghaffar, A., & Eid, L. (2025). A critical look at equity in international doctoral education at a distance: A duo’s journey. British Journal of Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13566

Abdin, Z. U., & Roohi, S. (2025). Cumulative precarity in times of polycrisis: Transnational insecurities and geo-spatialized resiliences among South Asian students in Finland. Global Networks, 25(4), e70033.  https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.70033

Brotherhood, T. (2023). Consolidating regulatory and personal accounts of student migration: a mixed methods study in the UK and Japan. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 21(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.2016374

Garton, P. M., Grimm, A., & Kim, S. (2024). A developmental model for international students and multiple ecologies. New Directions for Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20487

​​Glass, C.R., Heng, T.T., & Hou, M. (2022). Intersections of identity and status in international students’ perceptions of culturally engaging campus environments. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 89, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.05.003

Gomes, C. (2025). The wellbeing turn: A necessary consideration in international student mobility. Population, Space, and Place, 31, e2834.  https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2834

Guo, W. (2025). Echoes of silence: How student migrants navigate political taboos across borders. Social Forces. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soaf144

Heng, T.T. (2019). Understanding the heterogeneity of international students experiences: A case study of international students in U.S. universities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 23(5), 607-623. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319829880

Heng, T. T. (2017). Voices of Chinese international students in USA colleges: ‘I want to tell them that … ’. Studies in Higher Education, 42(5), 833-850. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1293873

Heng, T. T. (2018). Chinese international students’ advice to incoming Chinese first year students: Involving students in conversations with them, not about them. Journal of College Student Development, 59(2), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2018.0020  

Hou, M. (2024). Navigating Chinese international graduate students’ experiences and mobility during US-China geopolitical tensions. International Journal of Chinese Education, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2212585X231213453

Hou, M., Cruz, N. I., Ichikawa, A., & Glass, C. R. (2025). Self-formation across borders: transnational students’ identity reconstruction while transitioning from international schools to higher education. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 34(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2024.2336452

Hu, X.H., Lue, K. (2025). Centring international student voice: A collaborative autoethnography and critical reflections from an equity-focused doctoral course. Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-025-01423-1

Jindal-Snape, D. (2023). Re-conceptualising multiple and multi-dimensional transitions of international students and significant others. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/9781003290803-21

Karaköse Harmankaya, S., & Çelik, Z. (2026). Navigating symbolic violence: The experiences of international students of Middle Eastern-Islamic origin in Turkish higher education. International Journal of Inclusive Education.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2026.2669801

Marginson, S. (2014). Student self-formation in international education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(1), 6-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315313513036

Martinez, C.A.F. (2022). Affective geopolitics: Nation narratives from Colombian students in Chile. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 52(6), 984-997. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2020.1847045

Nada, C.I., & Legutko, J. (2022). “Maybe we did not learn that much academically, but we learn more from experience”–Erasmus mobility and its potential for transformative learning. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 87, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.03.002

Nada, C.I. & Araùjo, H.C. (2018). Migration and education: A narrative approach to the experience of foreign students in Portugal. London Review of Education, 16(2), 308-324. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1185902

Nada, C.I., & Araújo, H.C. (2017). The multicultural experience of international students in Portugal: A narrative approach. Journal for Multicultural Education, 11(3), 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-09-2016-0049

Nada, C.I., Montgomery, C., & Araújo, H.C. (2018). ‘You went to Europe and returned different’: Transformative learning experiences of international students in Portugal. European Educational Research Journal, 17(5), 696-713. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904118765334

Ploner, J. (2017). Resilience, moorings and international student mobilities – Exploring biographical narratives of social science students in the UK, Mobilities, 12(3), 425-444, https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2015.1087761

Soong, H., & Mu, G. M. (2025). International student wellbeing and everyday community engagement experiences: an Australian study. Studies in Higher Education, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2025.2455429

Tran, L.T., & Vu, T.T.P. (2017). ‘Responsibility in mobility’: International students and social responsibility. Globalisation, Societies, and Education, 15(5), 561-575. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2016.1195729

Tran, L. T (2016). ‘Mobility as becoming’: A Bourdieuian analysis of the factors shaping international student mobility. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(8), 1268-1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2015.1044070

Waters, J.L., & Lee, J. (2024). Transnational and localised constructions of wellbeing and health: International students’ anxious embodiments. Population, Space, and Place. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2838 

Wu, D.B. (2024). Emotional journeys: The pathways of African students to a Chinese higher education institution and performances of ‘emotion work’. Social & Cultural Geography. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2024.2387046

Xu, X., Tran, L.T., Xu, X., Xie, X. (2024). Between Sang subculture and self-formation: An investigation into Haifei in China. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2376760

Social experiences and relationships

Abdin, Z.U. (2025), From remittance receivers to senders: Unpacking transnational care circulation among South Asian student migrants in Finland and Sweden. Population, Space and Place, 31, e70077.  https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70077

God, Y. T., & Zhang, H. (2019). Intercultural challenges, intracultural practices: How Chinese and Australian students understand and experience intercultural communication at an Australian university. Higher Education, 78(2), 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0344-0

Hasnain, A., & Hajek, J. (2022). Understanding international student connectedness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 86, 26-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.10.008

Huo, Y., Guo, H., & Song, Y. (2026). International students’ dynamics of belonging in a Shanghai university: a feminist, poststructuralist perspective. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 47(3), 1730–1748. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2024.2444465

Kudo, K. (2023). Revisiting the conceptualisation of intercultural relationships in research with international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-24

Kudo, K. (2016). Social representation of intercultural exchange in an international university. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 37(2), 256-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2015.1014881

Kudo, K. (2023). Cosmopolitan agency and meaningful intercultural interactions: An ecological and person-in-context conceptualisation. Studies in Higher Education, 48(2), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2134335

Kudo, K., Volet, S., & Whitsed, C. (2019). Development of intercultural relationships at university: A three-stage ecological and person-in-context conceptual framework. Higher Education, 77(3), 473-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0283-9

Liu, C., & Wu, Y. (2025). The role of family in Chinese international student mobility under the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Studies, 31(1), 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2024.2429546

Meng, T. (2026). Love in a Transient Sexual Field: Female Chinese International Students’ Racialised Desire on Mobile Dating Applications. Sociological Research Online, 31(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/13607804251320487

Meng, T. (2026). “Fair-skinned, young and slim” or “Kardashian-style”: UK-based female Chinese international students’ self-presentation on mobile dating applications. Feminist Media Studies, 26(6), 1924–1941. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2025.2514793

Meng, T. (2026). Digital intimacy and transient desire: Chinese international students’ motivations and experiences of using mobile dating applications in the UK. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.  https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2026.2702179

Mittelmeier, J., Huang, D., Xu, L., Ozturk, M., & Broadhurst Healey, K. (2025). International students and everyday multiculturalism: rethinking ‘connection’ through mundane sites of encounter. Higher Education, 90, 1635-1654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-025-01396-1

Mu, G.M., Soong, H., & Zhou, W. (2025). A ‘community turn’ to engaging international students: The ‘bright’ and ‘dark’ social capital. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102173

Nam, B.H., & English, A.S. (2025). The myths of ‘melting pot’ and ‘California dream’: Ethnographic accounts of separation, marginalization, and intra-group conflicts among East Asian international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102148

Pastena, A. (2025). Intercultural relationships in an internationalised undergraduate classroom: Do they influence transcultural competence? European Journal of Education Research, Development, and Policy, 60(1).  https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70049

Pham, L., & Tran, L. (2015). Understanding the symbolic capital of intercultural interactions: A case study of international students in Australia. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 25(3), 204-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2015.1069720

Raja, R., & Yang, M. (2025). Negotiating everyday transnationalism: A qualitative inquiry into the marital lives of international students in China and their Chinese partners. Global Networks, 25(4), 370030. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.70030

Song, Y., & Xia, J. (2021). Scale making in intercultural communication: Experiences of international students in Chinese universities. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 34(4), 379-397. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2020.1857392

Yulianto, J. E. (2025). Reconnecting with kinship: everyday practices of Indonesian international students’ reintegration into family and ethnic networks. Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 42(2), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/20590776.2025.2526332

Zhang, Y.S.D., Larsen, D.J., Noels, K.A., Hobbs, C. (2025). Fostering empathic connections between domestic students and international students in Canada via expressions of hope. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 108, 102235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102235

Zhao, Q., Carey, N., & Lawthom, R. (2025). British students making sense with/in China: relational space as a novel lens on International Student Mobility (ISM). Journal of Further and Higher Education, 49(2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2024.2443219

Zou, T. X. P., & Yu, J. (2021). Intercultural interactions in Chinese classrooms: a multiple-case study. Studies in Higher Education, 46(3), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1647415

Agency and international students

Brotherhood, T. (2023). A narrative exploration of agency in the education-migration nexus. Asia Pacific Educational Review, 24, 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-023-09859-9

Kim, S. (2024). Transnational resilience: Exploring international students’ agency in response to systemic racism in U.S. higher education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2024.2416709 

Lee, S. (2025). International student agency in academic self-formation: Mobility as agency situated within knowledge structures. British Educational Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.70019

Lee, S. (2026). Ethnic capital and agency of Chinese and Korean international students in American higher education. Sociological Spectrum.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2025.2608030

Schnieder, J.C. (2025). International student mobility in higher education: Case studies in agency. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-80781-7

Tran, L.T. & Vu, T. (2017). ‘Agency in mobility’: Towards a conceptualisation of international student agency in transnational education. Educational Review. 28(3), 283-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2017.1293615

Xu, W. (2024). Study in China and ‘agency in mobility’: Insights from African international students’ narratives. Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153241284128 

Time, temporalities, and international students

Cheng, Y. (2014). Time protagonists: student migrants, practices of time and cultural construction of the Singapore-educated person. Social & Cultural Geography, 15(4), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.883424

Dickson, M., Bradley, L., & Read, B. (2024). International student-parents in UK higher education: A temporal analysis of their intersectional experiences and challenges. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 98, 101933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101933

Fu, S. (2025). Time, space, and precarity: (Geo)political dimensions of international student life. Equity in Education & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/27526461251387265

Gomes, C. (2022). Shock temporality: International students coping with disrupted lives and suspended futures. Asia Pacific Education Review, 23, 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-022-09793-2

Hansen, A.S. (2015). The temporal experience of Chinese students abroad and the present human condition. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 44(3), 49-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400303

Maury, O. (2022). Punctuated temporalities: Temporal borders in student-migrants’ everyday lives. Current Sociology, 70(1), 100-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392120936315

Mittelmeier, J. (2026). Time and temporalities in multiple and multi-dimensional transitions: An example of international students. In: Jindal-Snape, D. (ed) The Palgrave International Handbook of Multiple and Multi-Dimensional Educational and Life Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-11145-6_2

Moskal, M. (2025), Gendered temporalities and transnational care in Indonesian and Tanzanian student migration and return. Population, Space and Place, 31, e70095. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70095

Shahjahan, R. A., Grimm, A., & Mittelmeier, J. (2025). ‘Time’ and international students. Higher Education Research & Development, 44(4), 1038–1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2024.2410267

Spangler, V. & Jayadeva, S. (2026). The strange times of international studentship: A comparative study of the United Kingdom, Denmark and Germany. British Educational Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.70133

Taylor, A., Bobadilla Sandoval, C., & Karim Jamal, S. (2025). Dreaming the life: international students and the temporal complexity of employability. Journal of Youth Studies, 28(2), 446–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2023.2271869

Wang, B. (2021). Time, temporality, and (im)mobility: Unpacking the temporal experiences among Chinese international students during Covid-19. Population, Space, and Place, 28(5), e2545. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2545

Waters, J.L. (2022). Time well spent? Temporal dimensions of study abroad and implications for student experiences and outcomes under the UK Turing Scheme. British Educational Research Journal, 49(2), 314-328. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3844

Xu, C.L. (2025). The time inheritors: How time inequalities shape higher education mobility in China. SUNY Press. Available at: https://sunypress.edu/Books/T/The-Time-Inheritors

Xu, C. L. (2021). Time, class and privilege in career imagination: Exploring study-to-work transition of Chinese international students in UK universities through a Bourdieusian lens. Time & Society, 30(1), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X20951333

Zhao, X. (2026). Rethinking student experience through temporal positioning. Language and Intercultural Communication.  https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2026.2692985

Zhao, X. (2026). Why Can’t You Slow Down? Conceptualizing Compelled Agency in Global Higher Education . Journal of Global Higher Education, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.25774/jghe.v2i2.1028

Materialities and international students

Balloo, K., Gravett, K., & Erskine, G. (2021). ‘I’m not sure where home is’: narratives of student mobilities into and through higher education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 42(7), 1022–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2021.1959298

Boccagni, P., & Yapo, S. (2021). International Students and Homemaking in Transition: Locating Home on the Threshold between Ascription and Achievement. Home Cultures, 18(3), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/17406315.2022.2065600

Brooks, R., & Waters, J.L. (2018). Materialities and Mobilities in Education. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Materialities-and-Mobilities-in-Education/Brooks-Waters/p/book/9780367220600

Eshun, E. C., & Petro, S. M. (2026). The matter in global higher education: A collaborative autoethnography of international students’ sociomaterial experiences in the United States. Journal of Global Higher Education, 2(1).  https://doi.org/10.25774/jghe.v2i1.1026

Kanaki, A. (2023). New materialism in tertiary education: A posthumanistic international education course. Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry, 14(2), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.18733/cpi29690

Lee, J., & Waters, J. L. (2023). International education ‘here’ and ‘there’: Geographies, material ties and differentiated mobilities within UK degrees. Social & Cultural Geography, 24(8), 1422-1439. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2022.2065696

Marino, F., & Mu, Y. (2024). Visualizing identity: Multimodal and multilingual practices in international student organization’s on-campus artifacts. Multimodal Communication. https://doi.org/10.1515/mc-2024-0100 

Xu, X. (2024). A Sociomaterial Investigation into Chinese International Students’ Navigation of a Doctoral Trajectory During COVID-19. Journal of Studies in International Education, 28(2), 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221126247

International students’ intersectional experiences

Dickson, M., Bradley, L., & Read, B. (2024). International student-parents in UK higher education: A temporal analysis of their intersectional experiences and challenges. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 98, 101933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101933

He, J., & Yu, J. (2026). Transnational intersectionality: Legal, racial, and national dimensions of institutional marginalization for chinese international students. Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-026-01735-w

Hoang, A.P., & Jordan, L.P. (2019). Internationalisation and intersectionality in Hong Kong university student life: An exploratory study of social exclusion. Multicultural Education Review, 11(2), 114-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2019.1615247

Liu, J. (2017). Beyond the cultural approach: Understanding the experience of Chinese international students in Canada from an intersectionality perspective. International Journal of Chinese Education, 6(2), 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1163/22125868-12340082

Lobnibe, J. Y. (2013). Different worlds, mutual expectations: African graduate student mothers and the burden of U.S. higher education.” Journal of Education and Learning, 2(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v2n2p201

O’Connor, S. (2020). The intersectional geographies of international students in Ireland: Connecting spaces of encounter and belonging. Gender, Place, & Culture, 27(10), 1460-1480. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2019.1693342

Olenina, A., Bamberger, A., & Mun, O. (2021). Classed and gendered internationalisation of research and knowledge production: A critical analysis of international doctoral students in the UK (1998-2016). International Studies in Sociology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2021.2008266

Park, H., & Francis, M. (2024). “People would just say, ‘that doesn’t exist.’”: An analysis of the experiences of racialized international students as settler colonial, racial, and gendered violence. Comparative and International Education, 53(3).  https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v53i3.16855

Race and international students

Arif, A., Cato, M. M., Lawal, T. A., Escobedo, A., Amako, G., & Osei-Nkansah, E. (2026). Storying the Racialized Graduate Student Collective: Cultivating Joy to Negotiate Belonging. In C. Smith (Ed.), Belonging, Identity, and Student Development in International Student Engagement (pp. 111-144). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-2600-2158-3.ch004

Boafo-Arthur, S. (2014). Acculturative experiences of Black-African international students. International Journal of Advanced Counseling, 36(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-013-9194-8.

Brown, L., & Jones, I. (2013). Encounters with racism and the international student experience. Studies in Higher Education, 38(7), 1004–1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.614940

Changamire, N., George Mwangi, C.A., & Mosselson, J. (2022). International students and the neoliberal marketplace of higher education: The lived experiences of graduate students from Sub-Saharan countries in Africa of a U.S. university’s internationalization policy. Higher Education, 84, 505-521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00782-9

Edwards, K. T., & Shahjahan, R. A. (2025). Antiblackness as Global Aspiration? Centering Black Studies in Global Higher Education Research. Educational Researcher, 54(1), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X241281051

Fei, M. (2025). Re-examining Fries-Britt’s learning race in a U.S. context: Emergent framework drawing on the micro-level narratives of international students in the United States. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.32674/etcvg369

Fei, M. (2025). Practice implications for supporting international students’ racial learning in the U.S. Critical Internationalization Studies Review, 4(1). https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1041&context=cisr

Fries-Britt, S., George Mwangi, C.A., & Peralta, A.M.  (2014). Learning race in the U.S. context: Perceptions of race among foreign-born students of color. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 7(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035636

Gao, S. (2026). The chronotopic construction of political identity and post-racial stance among Chinese international students in the UK. Ethnicities. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968261423407 

George Mwangi, C.A., Changamire, N. & Mosselson, J. (2018). An intersectional understanding of African international graduate students’ experiences in U.S higher education. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000076

George Mwangi, C.A., & English, S. (2017). Being Black (and) immigrant students: When race, ethnicity, and nativity collide. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 19(2), 100–130. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v19i2.1317

George Mwangi, C. A. (2020). Black international student lives matter. International Higher Education, (104), 6-8. https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/ihe/article/view/14335

George Mwangi, C.A., & Onyewuenyi, A.C. (2025). Hidden in Blackness: Being Black and being an immigrant in U.S. schools and colleges. Teachers College Press. https://www.tcpress.com/hidden-in-blackness-9780807786925

Hale, A., & Lam, D. (2024). “I was pissed off at her ignorance”: When an international student protests against racist humour in a university tutorial. European Journal of Humour Research, 12(4).  https://ww.europeanjournalofhumour.org/ejhr/article/view/968

Hou, M. (2026). ‘Where are you from?’: examining identity and racism among Asian American and Asian international students. Studies in Higher Education, 51(9), 1939–1952. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2025.2552823

Hou, M. (2023), AsianCrit lens on Chinese international student multi-dimensional transitions and experiences in the US. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning, 13(3), 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-12-2022-0286

Houshmand, S., Spanierman, L. B., & Tafarodi, R. W. (2014). Excluded and avoided: Racial microaggressions targeting Asian international students in Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(3), 377. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035404

Hutcheson, S. (2023). Calling race into research with international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-13

Ifeonu, P. C. (2025). Exploring the role of race in Black international students’ mobility intentions. Race Ethnicity and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2025.2546816

Karaman, N., & Christian, M. (2026). Travelling race and international students in Turkey: white ambiguities, Muslim differences and relational racial understandings. Identities. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2026.2617777

Kim, J.-H. (2016). Racism, equity, and quality of education for international students in South Korean higher education institutes. Frontiers of Education in China, 11(3), 338–355. https://doi.org/10.3868/s110-005-016-0027-3

Kim, S. (2026). “What I had experienced was, in fact, a microaggression”: A phenomenological inquiry into international students of color developing critical racial consciousness. The Journal of Higher Education, 97(6), 1044–1069. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2025.2522037

Koh, S. Y., Shutler, M. C., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2026). Racial sensemaking and international student mobility: mainland Chinese students in Singapore and Malaysia navigating multiculturalism and multiracialism. Ethnic and Racial Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2026.2622423

Koo, K. K., Yao, C. W., & Gong, H. J. (2021). “It is not my fault”: Exploring experiences and perceptions of racism among international students of color during Covid-19. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 790-811. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000343

Lee, J. J. (2007). Neo-racism toward international students. About Campus, 11(6), 28–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/abc.194

Lee, J.J. (2020). Neo-racism and the criminalization of China. Journal of International Students, 10(4), i–vi. https://doi.org/10.32674/jisv10i42929

Lee, J.J. & Rice, C. (2007). Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination. Higher Education, 53(3), 381-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-4508-3

Lee, J.J., Jon, J.-E., & Byun, K. (2017). Neo-racism and neo-nationalism within East Asia: The experiences of international students in South Korea. Journal of Studies in International Education, 21(2), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315316669903

Li, L., Mawene, D., & Chandrashekhar, S. (2024). Navigating becoming people of color in higher education: a duoethnography of three international students of color. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 37(10), 2782–2796. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2024.2388665

Liu, Y., & Croucher, S. (2022). Becoming privileged yet marginalized Other: American migrants’ narratives of stereotyping-triggered displacement in China. Asian Journal of Social Science, 50(1), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajss.2021.06.006

Liu, Y., & Dervin, F. (2022). Racial marker, transnational capital, and the Occidental Other: White Americans’ experiences of whiteness on the Chinese mainland. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(5), 1033-1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1763785

Ma, L. (2025). Invisible racism rethought: A globally oriented approach to anti-Chinese racism. Educational Review.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2025.2486761

Madriaga, M., & McCaig, C. (2022). How international students of colour become Black: a story of whiteness in English higher education. Teaching in Higher Education, 27(1), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1696300

Nam, B. H., Marshall, R. C., Tian, X., & Jiang, X. (2023). “Why universities need to actively combat Sinophobia”: racially-traumatic experiences of Chinese international students in the United States during COVID-19. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 51(5), 690–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.1965957

Ortiga, Y. Y. (2026). Internationalisation struggles and student mobility: ethnic exclusion and racism in Philippine higher education. Comparative Education, 62(1), 148–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2025.2520720

Rodriguez, M., Mohamed, M., & Barthelemy, R. (2023). Microaggressions faced by international students in the US with a discussion on critical race theory. Journal of International Students, 13(3), 236-253. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v13i3.4620

Strong, K., Walker, S., Wallace, D., Sriprakash, A., Tikly, L., & Soudien, C. (2022). Learning from the movement for Black lives: Horizons of racial justice for comparative and international education. Comparative Education Review, 65(S1). https://doi.org/10.1086/722487

Wang, P. (2026). A phenomenological study of the racial sensemaking of Chinese international doctoral students in the United States during and post the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2025.2571499

Wei, M.L., & Bunjun, B. (2020). “We don’t need another one in our group”: Racism and interventions to promote the mental health and well-being of racialized international students in business schools. Journal of Management Education, 45(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562920959391

Xiao, G., Yu, J., & Randolph Jr., L.J. (2026). Beyond the racialized/white binary: Raciolinguistic subjectivities and self-othering among international students in the United States. Linguistics and Education, 94, 101569.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2026.101569

Yao, C. W., George Mwangi, C. A., & Malaney Brown, V. K. (2019). Exploring the intersection of transnationalism and critical race theory: A critical race analysis of international student experiences in the United States. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(1), 38–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1497968

Yao, C.W., Oates, E.Q., Briscoe, K.L., Buell, K.J., & Rutt, J.N. (2023). Re/negotiating race and racialization for international students of colour in the US. Journal of College Student Development, 64(1), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2023.0003

Yao, C. W., Briscoe, K. L., & Rutt, J. N. (2021). In the aftermath of a racialized incident: Exploring international students of color’s perceptions of campus racial climate. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 14(3), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000179

Yeo, H.J.T. (2023). Not a citizen but a student: International student Critical Race Theory (IntlCrit) framework. In J. Huisman & M. Tight (eds). Theory and Method in Higher Education Research. Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2055-364120180000014008

Yi, J., Yeo, H. T., & Hadrann, W. (2026). Investigating Anti-Black Attitudes Among Chinese International Students. The Counseling Psychologist, 54(6), 882-913. https://doi.org/10.1177/00110000261458819

Yu, J. (2022). “I don’t think it can solve any problems”: Chinese international students’ perceptions of racial justice movements during COVID-19. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000457

Zewolde, S. (2022). ‘Race’ and academic performance in international higher education: Black Africans in the U.K. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 14(3), Article 30. https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/jcihe/vol14/iss3/30

Zheng, J. (2026). “Related to race but not equal to race”: An intersectional analysis of Asian international students’ sensemaking of racism. The Journal of Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2026.2699789

Gender and international students

Al-Qahtani, H., Carroll, V., & Pfeffer, K. (2022). Parenting, resilience, and adaptation among female international students from Saudi Arabia and their families. Journal of Family Studies, 28(2), 422-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1715820

Azim, K. A., & Happel-Parkins, A. (2019). Veiled aggression: Saudi women international students’ experiences of microcolonization in the United States. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 32(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2018.1522010

Brooks, R. (2015). International students with dependent children: The reproduction of gender norms, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36(2), 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2013.820128

Cin, F. M., Breines, M. R., Raghuram, P., & Gunter, A. (2025). Exploring homeplace as a nexus of learning and socially reproductive labour: A feminist perspective on internationalisation at a distance. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56, 799–814. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13553

Deuchar, A. (2023). Degrees of care: Theorising the masculinities of Indian international students in Australian universities. In G. Stahl & Y. Zhao (Eds.), Migratory men: Place, transnationalism, and masculinities. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003353232-7/degrees-care-andrew-deuchar

Lin, Y., & Kingminghae, W. (2017). Intimate relationships and mobility intentions of Thai international students in Chinese universities: A gendered analysis. Population, Space, and Place, 24(5), e2120. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2120

Martin, F. (2017). Mobile self-fashioning and gendered risk: Rethinking Chinese students’ motivations for overseas education. Globalisation, Societies, & Education, 15(5), 706-720. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2016.1264291

Miao, S. (2025). Navigating gender identity development: composite narratives of Chinese women international students studying in the U.S. Higher Education, 89, 717–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-024-01243-9

Song, J. (2020). Contesting and negotiating othering from within: A Saudi Arabian female student’s gendered experiences in the U.S. Journal of Language, Identity, & Education, 19(3), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2019.1654386

Sondhi, G., & King, R. (2017). Gendering international student migration: An Indian case study. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(8), 1308-1324. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1300288

Walton-Roberts, M. (2015). Femininity, mobility and family fears: Indian international student migration and transnational parental control. Journal of Cultural Geography, 32(1), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2014.1000561

Wu, T. (2026). ‘Being a man isn’t about standing above others’: Reworking Confucian masculinities in cross-border transitions. British Educational Research Journal.  https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.70159

Zeng, W. (2025). Performing girlhood and sisterhood in China: Chinese international student influencers’ everyday self-presentation on RedNote. Social Media + Society, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051251356160

Zhang, J., & Allen, K. R. (2019). Constructions of masculinity and the perception of interracial relationships among young male Chinese international students and scholars in the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 40(3), 340–362. https://doi.org10.1177/0192513X18809751

Zhang, S., & Xu, C.L. (2020). The making of transnational distinction: An embodied cultural capital perspective on Chinese women students’ mobility. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 41(8), 1251-1267.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2020.1804836

Zhang, S., & Mittelmeier, J. (2023). Bringing gender into research with international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. http://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-16

LGBTQ+ identities and international students

Adeyemo, K. S. (2019). Filipino university students’ attitude toward sexual minorities: Implications for international students. Journal of International Students, 10(1), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i1.1030

Brown, L. (2016). An activity-theoretic study of agency and identity in the study abroad experiences of a lesbian nontraditional learner of Korean. Applied Linguistics, 37(6), 808-827. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu075

Campbell, A.C., Dezago, J. & Townsend, Q. (2024). Queer students in international higher education: A review of distinct motivations, considerations, and challenges. Higher Education, 88, 1567–1588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-024-01183-4

Campbell, A., Townsend, Q., & Ruhno, M. (2024). Queer International Students Navigating Policies at Home and Abroad. In K. Prieto & A. Herridge (Eds.), LGBTQIA Students in Higher Education: Approaches to Student Identity and Policy (pp. 131-148). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2853-8.ch007

Cui, L., & Song, L. (2024). Queer migration, heteronormativity and the ‘ethnic closet’: Chinese queer international students’ intersectional experience in New Zealand. European Journal of Education, 59, e12608. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12608

Cui, L., & Song, L. (2026). The im/possibility of home: Chinese queer international students’ homing experiences in New Zealand. Mobilities, 21(2), 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2025.2543459

Dos Santos, L. M. (2022). Sources of stress and challenges for gay and bisexual international students: Experiences of social stigma and sociocultural and psychological racism. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 12(3), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2022-0064

Dudeja, M. (2026). Queering International Student Engagement: How Sexuality and Gender Identity Shape Classroom and Campus Participation. In C. Smith (Ed.), Belonging, Identity, and Student Development in International Student Engagement (pp. 145-172). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-2600-2158-3.ch005

Gharibi, F. (2025). Highlighting LGBTQ+ international students activism via participatory theatre. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, 17(3), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.32674/2sbdbv18

Hagen, J. (2022). Queer feminist interruptions to internationalising UK higher education. British Educational Research Journal, 48(5), 996-1007. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3805

Herridge, A. S., García, H. A., Leong, M. (2019). Intersectionality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual international students: Impact of perceived experiences on campus engagement. Journal for the Study of Postsecondary and Tertiary Education, 4, 49-65. https://doi.org/10.28945/4412

Ifeonu, P.-C. (2026). Mutually reinforcing precarity: Financial dependency and queer identity in the life of an international student. Journal of Global Higher Education, 2(1).  https://doi.org/10.25774/journalofglobalhighereducation.v2i1.999

Lin, Y., Plurmhathaikij, J., Luo, M., & Kingminghae, W. (2026). What happens in Pattaya, stays in Pattaya: Chinese international students’ attitudes toward transgender women communities in Thailand. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 24(3), 416–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2026.2673010

Lértora, I, M., Herridge, A. S., Smith, N. L., & Croffie, A. L. (2021) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual international students transitions conceptualized using relational-cultural theory: A phenomenological study. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 17(4), 426-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2021.1924095

Nguyen, H., Desai, A., Agrawal, A., & Mokgopa, K. (2023). Breaking binaries, engendering multiplicity: Decolonizing and queering research with international students. Intersectional issues in research with disabled international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-15

Nguyen, H., Grafsky, E., & Lambert-Shute, J. (2017). The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer international students. Journal of Underrepresented & Minority Progress, 1(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.32674/jump.v1i1.39

Oba, Y., & Pope, M. (2013). Counseling and advocacy with LGBT international students. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 7(2), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2013.785468

Quach, A. S., Todd, M. E., Hepp, B. W., & Doneker Mancini, K. L. (2013). Conceptualizing sexual identity development: Implications for GLB Chinese international students. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 9(3), 254–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2013.781908

Thuy, T.L., Hoang, V.T., & Hoang, G.L.N. (2020). Pride and prejudice: An intersectional look at graduate employability of transgender and queer international students. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education, 12(6S1). https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v12i6S1.3059

Wang, S. (2022). Migrant allies and sexual remittances: How international students change the sexual attitudes of those who remain behind. Sociological Perspectives, 65(2), 328–349.https:// doi. org/ 10. 1177/07311 21421 992801

Wang, B. & Gorman-Murray, A. (2023). International students, intersectionality and sense of belonging: A note on the experience of gay Chinese students in Australia. Australian Geographer, 54(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2023.2174652

Yang, T. S. (2024). Rethinking queer migration: The case of skilled Chinese LGBTQ+ migrants in North America. International Migration Review, 58(4), 1792-1818. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183241280596

Yu, T. F. (2021). Queer migration across the Sinophone world: Queer Chinese Malaysian students’ educational mobility to Taiwan. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(15), 3549-3563. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1750946

Yue, A. (2012). Queer Asian mobility and homonational modernity: Marriage equality, Indian students in Australia, and Malaysian transgender refugees in the media. Global Media and Communication, 8(3), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766512459122

Zheng, H. (2023). ‘The pandemic helped me!’ Queer international students’ identity negotiation with family on social media in immobile times. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 26(6), 714-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/13678779221144759

Disability and international students

Heirweg, S., Carette, L., Ascari, A., & Van Hove, G. (2020). Study abroad programmes for all? Barriers to participation in international mobility programmes perceived by students with disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education, 67(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1640865

Johnstone, C., & Edwards, P. (2020). Accommodations, accessibility, and culture: Increasing access to study abroad for students with disabilities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 24(4), 424-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319842344

McLean, P., Heagney, H. and Gardner, K. (2003). Going global: the implications for students with a disability. Higher Education Research & Development, 22(2), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360304109

Olave-Encina, K. (2022). Experiences of an international student with a visual disability making sense of assessment and feedback. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 26(5), 466-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1698063

Soorenian, A. (2023). Intersectional issues in research with disabled international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/9781003290803-14

Soorenian, A. (2013). Disabled international students in British higher education. Sense Publishers. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-6209-413-0

Soorenian, A. (2013). Housing and transport: Access issues for disabled international students in British universities. Disability & Society, 28(8), 1118-1131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.758033

Supple, B., & Agbenyega, J. S. (2015). Reframing the Self in an International Learning Context: The Experience of International Students with Disability. Current Issues in Education, 18(1). https://cie.asu.edu/ojs/index.php/cieatasu/article/view/1333

Tavares, V. (2024). Feeling excluded: international students experience equity, diversity and inclusion. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 28(8), 1551–1568. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.2008536

Religion or spirituality and international students

Abunab, H.Y., Dator, W.L.T., Salvador, J.T., & Lacanaria, M.G.C. (2017). Solitude, religious and cultural uniqueness in a foreign environment: Adjustments as an Arab student. Journal of Religion and Health, 56, 1701-1718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0425-x

Bhullar, M., Zhang, Q., & Jiang, K. (2023). Spiritual wellbeing of international students: A New Zealand case study. Journal of Studies in International Education, 28(3), 482-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153231187141

Choi, J., Nguyen, C., & Anke, L. (2024). Navigating challenges in American higher education: Korean international Christian students’ use of spiritual capital in response to white Christian nationalism. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2024.2375049

Ifashabayo, B., Sukmana, O. ., & Asrul, N. M. . (2025). Muhammadiyah’s Islamic philosophy in shaping the experiences of international students (a case study of the international students at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang). The International Journal of Politics and Sociology Research, 12(4), 249–255.  https://doi.org/10.35335/ijopsor.v12i4.278

Maleku, A., Phillips, R., Um, M.Y., Kagotho, N., Lee, G., & Coxe, K. (2022). The phenomenon of spiritual homelessness in transnational spaces among international students in the United States. Population, Space, and Place, 28(2), e2470. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2470

Rocha, C. (2019). ‘God is in control’: Middle-class Pentecostalism and international student migration. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 34(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2019.1585097

Yang, X.Y., Hu, A., & Yang, F. (2018). Decomposing immigrants’ religious mobility: Structural shifts and inter-religion exchanges among Chinese overseas students. Review of Religious Research, 60(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-017-0318-1

Yu, Y. & Moskal, M. (2019). Why do Christian churches, and not universities, facilitate intercultural engagement for Chinese international students? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 68, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.10.006

Yu, Y. (2020). From universities to Christian churches: Agency in the intercultural engagement of non-Christian Chinese students in the UK. Higher Education, 80, 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00474-5

Class and international students

Amutuhaire, T. (2026). Intra-Africa Student Mobility and Social Class Reproduction: Implications for Equity and Inclusivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 30(3), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153251384931

Bahna, M. (2018). Study choices and returns of international students: On the role of cultural and economic capital of the family. Population, Space, and Place, 24(2), e2082. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2082

Malet Calvo, D. (2018). Understanding international students beyond studentification: A new class of transnational urban consumers. The example of Erasmus students in Lisbon (Portugal). Urban Studies, 55(10), 2142-2158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017708089

Chankseliani, M., Kwak, J., Hanley, N., Akkad, A., Crisostomo, M., & Wang, Z. (2025). International student mobility and poverty reduction: A qualitative study of the mechanisms of systemic change. World Development, 195, 107116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107116

Gayton, A. M. (2020). Exploring the widening participation-internationalisation nexus: evidence from current theory and practice. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(9), 1275–1288. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1678014

Glass, C.R., Streitwieser, B., & Gopal, A. (2021). Inequalities of global mobility: Socioeconomic stratificiation in the meanings of a university education for international students. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 51(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2019.1590180

Ginnerskov-Dahlberg, M. (2026). On a quest for social mobility: The high-risk educational strategies of Indian medical students in Georgia. Current Sociology, 74(2), 276-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921251383389

Kim, Y. R. (2023). Classed education trajectories and intimate partnering of international students: a case of Chinese international undergraduate students in the United States. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(5), 1331–1349. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1828841

Kwak, J., & Chankseliani, M. (2024). International student mobility and poverty reduction: A cross-national analysis of low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Educational Research, 128, 102458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102458

Leung, K.M., Charlton, K., McMahon, A., Walton, K., Roy, K., & Kent, K. (2025). A qualitative exploration of food insecurity and institutional support among international students at a regional Australian university. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 36(4), e70080. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.70080

Muñoz-García. A.L., & Yu, T. (2023). From privilege to differentiation: International students’ class reworkings. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-17

Muñoz-García. A.L. (2020). Outing class in the process of internationalisation. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 42(1), 102-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2020.1855566

Prazeres, L. (2019). Unpacking distinction within mobility: Social prestige and international students. Population, Space, and Place, 25(5), e2190. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2190

Pereira, J.I.S. (2018). Social class inequalities and international student mobility: The case of Brazilian students in the Portuguese higher education system. Belgian Journal of Geography, 3. https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.24193

Raghuram, P., Roos Breines, M., & Gunter, A. (2020). Beyond #FeesMustFall: International students, fees, and everyday agency in the era of decolonisation. Geoforum, 109, 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.01.002

Roberts, P. (2021). Class dismissed: International mobility, doctoral researchers, and (Roma) ethnicity as a proxy for social class? Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 42(1), 142-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2020.1855569

Tagliabue, V. V. (2025). ‘Look at your five fingers’: international students and reproduction of class inequalities at university. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 46(5), 575–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2025.2482875

Tuxen, N., & Robertson, S. (2019). Brokering international education and (re)producing class in Mumbai. International Migration, 57(3), 280-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12516

Waters, J. L. (2012). Geographies of international education: Mobilities and the reproduction of social (dis)advantage. Geography Compass, 6(3), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00473.x

Waters, J.L., & Brooks, R. (2010). Accidental achievers? International higher education, class reproduction and privilege in the experiences of UK students overseas. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 31(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690903539164

Whatley, M. (2017). Financing study abroad: An exploration of the influence of financial factors on student study abroad patterns. Journal of Studies in International Education, 21(5), 431-449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315317697798

Whatley, M., & Castiello-Gutiérrez, S. (2022). Balancing finances, politics, and public health: international student enrollment and reopening plans at US higher education institutions amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Education 84, 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00768-7

Wilson, S., Hastings, C., Morris, A., Ramia, G., & Mitchell, E. (2023). International students on the edge: The precarious impacts of financial stress. Journal of Sociology, 59(4), 952-974. https://doi.org/10.1177/14407833221084756

Coloniality, postcoloniality, decoloniality, and international students

Bardhan, N., & Zhang, B. (2017). A post/decolonial view of race and identity through the narratives of U.S. international students from the Global South. Communication Quarterly, 65(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1237981

Brienes, M.R., Raghuram, P., & Gunter, A. (2025). Postcolonial economies and subaltern international students. Geoforum, 167, 104458.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2025.104458

Borges, R.A. (2022). Linguistic (de)coloniality and interculturality in the two main routes of Brazilian student mobility. Comunicação e Sociedade, 41, 189-208. https://journals.openedition.org/cs/7029

Brunner, L.R., & McCartney, D.M. (2025). Colonial logics as public secrets of international student mobility. Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.7577/njcie.6047

Chen, C. (2021). (Un)Making the international student a settler of colour: A decolonising autoethnography. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(5), 743-762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2020.1850513

Daniels, T.P. (2014). African international students in Klang Valley: colonial legacies, postcolonial racialization, and sub-citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 18(8), 855-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.964548

Karimi, A., & Bucerius, S. M. (2018). Colonized subjects and their emigration experiences. The case of Iranian students and their integration strategies in Western Europe. Migration Studies, 6(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx033

Madge, C., Raghuram, P., & Noxolo, P. (2009). Engaged pedagogy and responsibility: A postcolonial analysis of international students. Geoforum, 40(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.01.008

Moosavi, L. (2020). “Can East Asian students think?”: Orientalism, critical thinking, and the decolonial project. Education Sciences, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100286

Nguyen, H., Higgins, C., & Lipe, K. P. (2026). At an Epistemological Crossroads: International Students’ Experiences with a Decolonizing Campus Tour. The Journal of Higher Education, 97(3), 460–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2025.2473707

Oyinloye, B., & Zhang, B. (2023). A decolonial praxis for research with international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-27

Park, H., & Francis, M. (2024). Fraught subjects: decolonial approaches to racialized international students as “settlers of colour in the making.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 47(1), 212–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2023.2211649

Ploner, J., & Nada, C. (2020). International student migration and the postcolonial heritage of European higher education: Perspectives from Portugal and the UK. Higher Education, 80(2), 373–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00485-2

Shantha, A. (2025). The dispossession of international students by Canadian higher education as a form of imperialist extraction from the Global South. Potentia, 15(1). https://uottawa.scholarsportal.info/ottawa/index.php/potentia/article/view/7240 

Song, X. (2020). ‘Chinese Students Syndrome’ in Australia: Colonial modernity and the possibilities of alternative framing. Higher Education, 79, 605-618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00426-z

Udah, H. (2023). Coloniality of power and research with international students. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-9

Udah, H. (2021). Coloniality of power and international students’ experience: What are the ethical responsibilities of social work and human service educators? Ethics and Social Welfare, 15(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2021.1880612

Xu, X. (2024). Between decolonization and recolonization: Investigating Chinese doctoral students in Malaysia as a case of global South-South student mobility. Higher Education, 87, 1193–1209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01060-6

Yin, P. (2025). The coloniality of internationalization: towards a power-conscious framework for studying the experiences of international students in Western contexts. Studies in Higher Education, 50(9), 1995–2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2407940

Employability and labor of international students

Arcidiacono, D., Avola, M. & D’Agata, R. (2026). International student mobility, occupational outcomes, and the reproduction of social and geographical inequalities. Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-026-01664-8

Coustere, C., Brunner, L.R., Shokirova, T. et al. (2024). International students as labour: experiencing the global imaginary. Higher Education, 88, 321–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01118-5

Gaweł, A., Mroczek-Dąbrowska, K., Głodowska, A., & Wach, K. (2026). Caught in suspension – the pivotal shift in the career intentions of international students’ in times of geopolitical tumult: Ukrainians at universities in Poland. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 24(5), 1596–1610. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2025.2468650

Hastings, C., Ramia, G., Wilson, S., Mitchell, E., & Morris, A. (2021). Precarity before and during the pandemic: International student employment and personal finances in Australia. Journal of Studies in International Education, 27(1), 39-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211065136

Jacobs, E. M. (2025). Greener pastures: why Indian international students leave the US labor market. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 51(5), 1346–1370. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2397426

Mazumi, Y. (2026). When ‘Skilled Migrants’ Becomes an Expansive Category: Multi-Layered Inequality Among Former International Students in Japan. Population, Space and Place, 32, e70276. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70276.

Moskal, M. (2020). Gendered differences in international graduates’ mobility, identity, and career development. Social & Cultural Geography, 21(3), 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2018.1499039

Tang, M. (2026). Gaining insights into employability capitals: experiences of Chinese international graduates in the Australian labor market. Higher Education Research & Development, 45(1), 272–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2025.2515215

Taylor, A., Bobadilla Sandoval, C., & Karim Jamal, S. (2025). Dreaming the life: International students and the temporal complexity of employability. Journal of Youth Studies, 28(2), 446–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2023.2271869

Thuy, T.L., Hoang, V.T., & Hoang, G.L.N. (2020). Pride and prejudice: An intersectional look at graduate employability of transgender and queer international students. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education, 12(6S1). https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v12i6S1.3059

Wang, F., Huang, R., Lim, W. M., & Zhang, J. (2025). Perceived employability of international doctoral students in the UK: applying Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. Studies in Higher Education, 50(11), 2327–2345. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2412833

Wiesel-Brown, A. R. (2026). Governing international student precarity: tuition dependence, immigration compliance, and institutional risk in U.S. higher education. Globalisation, Societies and Education.  https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2026.2653557

Zheng, L. (2026). ‘What does it take to be employable here?’ Intercultural negotiating of employability among international students in the UK. Language and Intercultural Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2026.2652955

International students and sustainability

Baer, H. A. (2023). Grappling with climate change and the internationalization of higher education: An eco-socialist perspective. Journal of Studies in International Education, 27(4), 638-653. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153231172024

Campbell, A.C., Nguyen, T., & Stewart, M. (2022). Promoting international student mobility for sustainability? Navigating conflicting realities and emotions of international educators. Journal of Studies in International Education, 27(4), 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221121386

Davies, J. C., & Dunk, R. M. (2015). Flying along the supply chain: Accounting for emissions from student air travel in the higher education sector. Carbon Management, 6(5–6), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2016.1151503

Di Pietro, G. (2024). Does international educational mobility increase environmental concerns? Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153241235698

Gu, H., Hu, H., Shen, J. et al. (2026). Global patterns of student mobility align with national climate adaptation. Communications Sustainability, 1(75). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44458-026-00061-7

Healey, N. M. (2023). Reinventing international higher education for a socially just, sustainable world. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 27(4), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2023.2217780

Ilieva, R., Beck, K., & Waterstone, B. (2014). Towards sustainable internationalisation of higher education. Higher Education, 68, 875–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9749-6

Liu, J., Tian, J., Lyu, W., & Yu, Y. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on reducing carbon emissions: From the angle of international student mobility. Applied Energy, 317, 119136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119136

McCollum, D., & Nicholson, H., (2023). Internationalisation, sustainability and the contested environmental impacts of international student mobility. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 24(7), 1561–1575, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2022-0299

Nikula, P., Fusek, A., & van Gaalen, A. (2022). Internationalisation of higher education and climate change: A cognitive dissonance perspective. Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221145082

Raghuram, P., & Sondhi, G. (2022). The entangled infrastructures of international student migration: Lessons from Covid-19. In A. Triandafyllidou (Ed.), Migration and pandemics (pp. 167–184). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_9

Shields, R. (2019). The sustainability of international higher education: Student mobility and global climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 594–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.291

Shields, R. (2023). International student mobility and the global climate crisis. In: L. Engwall (ed), Internationalization in Higher Education and Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47335-7_8

Shields, R., & Lu, T. (2024). Uncertain futures: Climate change and international student mobility in Europe. Higher Education, 88, 1791–1808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01026-8

Pashby, K., & Andreotti, V. (2016). Ethical internationalisation in higher education: Interfaces with international development and sustainability. Environmental Education Research, 22(6), 771-787. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1201789

Language and international students

Adriansen, H. K., Juul-Wiese, T., Madsen, L. M., Saarinen, T., Spangler, V., & Waters, J. L. (2023). Emplacing English as lingua franca in international higher education: A spatial perspective on linguistic diversity. Population, Space and Place, 29, e2619. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2619

Benzie, H.J. (2010). Graduating as a ‘native speaker’: International students and English language proficiency in higher education. Higher Education Research &  Development, 29(4), 447-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294361003598824

Bodis, A. (2021). ‘Double deficit’ and exclusion: Mediated language ideologies and international students’ multilingualism. Multilingua, 40(3), 367-391. https://doi.org/10.1515/multi-2019-0106

Bond, B. (2019). International students: language, culture and the ‘performance of identity’, Teaching in Higher Education, 24(5), 649-665. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1593129

Borges, R.A., & Afonso, A.E. (2018). Why subaltern language? Yes, we speak Portuguese! For a critique of the coloniality of language in international student mobility. Comunicação e Sociedade, 34, 73-86. https://journals.openedition.org/cs/521

Dobinson, T., & Mercieca, P. (2020). Seeing things as they are, not just as we are: Investigating linguistic racism on an Australian university campus. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(7), 789-803. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1724074

Dong, J., Han, Y., & Zhang, T. (2026). Conflicting language ideologies and practices of English medium instruction policy for international students in China’s higher education. Higher Education, 91, 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-025-01408-0

Dong, J., Han, Y., (co-first author), Tan, Y., & Li, D. (2025). ‘Sank you’ or ‘thank you’? Negotiating epistemic authority and communicative enoughness among international students in a Chinese EMI programme. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2025.2589340

Fanari, A., & Kim, S. (2025). Beyond cross-cultural adaptation: Exploring international students’ communicative resilience during educational sojourns in the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 108, 102229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102229

Flores, N., & Rosa, J. (2015). Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2), 149-171. https://doi.org/10.17763/0017-8055.85.2.149

Gao, S. (2025). Language ideologies of racial microaggression and institutional whiteness: Experiences of Chinese international students in UK higher education. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 29, 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12693

Gao, S. (2026). Language and racialised emotions: Narratives of a student’s racism complaint at a British University. Linguistics and Education, 91, 101488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2025.101488

Gurney, L., & Demuro, E. (2022). Beyond coloniality and monolingualism: Decolonial reflections on languages education / Mas allá de la colonialidad y el monolingüismo: reflexiones decoloniales sobre la enseñanza de lenguas. Teaching in Higher Education, 27(4), 502-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2022.2035350

Haugh, M. (2016). Complaints and troubles talk about the English language skills of international students in Australian universities. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(4), 727-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2015.1137878

Huang, F., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., & Zhang, L. J. (2026). To stay or to leave? Unravelling the interplay between policy transparency and second language attitude in shaping multilingual international students’ future intentions to stay in China. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 47(6), 4012–4036. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2025.2548572

Kubota, R., Corella, M., Lim, K., & Sah, P. K. (2023). “Your English is so good”: Linguistic experiences of racialized students and instructors of a Canadian university. Ethnicities, 23(5), 758-778. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968211055808

Liu, X., & Hamid, M. O. (2025). “English is important, but perfect English is not”: The disjuncture between the IELTS and language experiences from the perspectives of international students in Australia. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 35, 503–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12633

Lyu, J., & Huang, Y. (2024). Language learning opportunities abroad and international student mobility to China. Sage Open, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241293536

McDonough, K., Trofimovich, P., Tekin, O., & Sato, M. (2024). Exploring linguistic stereotyping of international students at a Canadian university. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 45(9), 3632–3647. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2115049

Park, E., Hodge, S., & Klieve, H. (2026). “I think my accent is the way I am”: How East Asian international students describe themselves as foreign-accented speakers. Qualitative Research Journal, 26(2), 216–231, https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-08-2024-0181

Ramjattan, V.A. (2023). International students and language: From individual ‘deficiency’ to instrument of oppression. In J. Mittelmeier, S. Lomer, & K. Unkule (eds). Research with International Students: Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290803-22

Ramjattan, V. A. (2023). Engineered accents: international teaching assistants and their microaggression learning in engineering departments. Teaching in Higher Education, 28(6), 1119–1134. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1863353

Ramjattan, V.A. (2021). The transracial aesthetic labour of an international teaching assistant. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 40(8), 973-985. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-12-2020-0365

Robinson, L., & John, T. (2026). Deconstructing Native-Speakerism in Scottish Academia: An intercultural relationship approach. Journal of Global Higher Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.25774/journalofglobalhighereducation.v2i1.974 

Spangler, V., & Brooks, R. (2026). Language as agency in international student mobility. Mobilities. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2026.2713559

Sah, P.K. (2026), “Your English Sounds Almost British”: Everyday Linguicism and Racialized Subjectivity of an International Student in Hong Kong. TESOL Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.70158

Song, Z., & Shin, D. shin. (2025). Beyond description: reconceptualizing the (trans)language(ing) among international students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 28(3), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2024.2432514

Xiao, G., Wang, H., & Yu, J. (2026). Transnationalizing raciolinguistics: An intersectional analysis for understanding Chinese international students’ language ideologies across contexts. Journal of Sociolinguistics.  https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.70016

Zheng, K. (2025). You don’t need to prove yourself: A raciolinguistics perspective on Chinese international students’ academic language anxiety and ChatGPT use. Linguistics and Education, 86, 101406.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2025.101406

Zhang, Y. S. D., & Noels, K. A. (2024). ‘Call me “Katy” instead of “Yueyun”’: English names among Chinese international students in Canada. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 45(8), 3379–3393. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2098304

Returnee international students and post-study lives

Bahna, M. (2018). Study choices and returns of international students: On the role of cultural and economic capital of the family. Population, Space, and Place, 24(2), e2082. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2082

Choi, L.J., & Park, M.Y. (2024). Precarious privilege: Identity (re)construction among international students returning to South Korea. Applied Linguistics Review, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2023-0132 

Geddie, K. (2013). The transnational ties that bind: Relationship considerations for graduating international science and engineering research students. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1751

Kang, E. (2025). The influence of hukou precarisation on employers’ recruitment of Chinese international student returnees in Shanghai. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education.  https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2025.2571463

Lee, J. (2021). A future of endless possibilities? Institutional habitus and international students’ post-study aspirations and transitions. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 42(3), 404–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2021.1886907

Lin, Z. (2025). Pragmatic cosmopolitanism in a parochial space: How international-student returnees (re)negotiate home in Teochew, China. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 36, 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/taja.12536

Liu, Y., Dai, K., & Hardy, I. (2025). ‘I want to stay but … ’ Exploring the complex desires of international doctoral students’ post-graduation mobility in China. Studies in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2025.2608128

Marom, L., Chhina, G., Marzouk, Z. et al. (2026). “The government had made me ineligible”: Punjabi international students’ post-graduation aspired trajectories in a time of policy turmoil. Journal of International Migration & Integration.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-026-01412-y

Shibata, M. (2026). International students’ multilingual identity negotiation in an English-taught programme in Japan: language practices and sense of belonging. International Journal of Multilingualism, 23(3), 1919–1934. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2025.2575074

Thar, S. (2025). ‘To go abroad is to return better’: Experiences and identities of Tibetan international students after their return ‘homeland.’ Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2025.2592537

Zhu, K., & Zhang, F. (2024). The shifting landscape of international higher education: Why Chinese returnees with overseas degrees come back for doctoral studies? Higher Education Research & Development, 43(8), 1892–1907. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2024.2366315

Educational agents and international students

Feng, S., & Horta, H. (2021). Brokers of international student mobility: The roles and processes of education agents in China. European Journal of Education, 56, 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12442

Fittante, D. (2023). Beyond brokering for recruitment: Education agents in Armenia. Population, Space and Place, 29, e2622. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2622

Huang, I. Y., Williamson, D., Lynch-Wood, G., Raimo, V., Rayner, C., Addington, L., & West, E. (2022). Governance of agents in the recruitment of international students: a typology of contractual management approaches in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 47(6), 1150–1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1861595

Nikula, P. T., Raimo, V., & West, E. (2023). Student recruitment agents in international higher education: A multi-stakeholder perspective on challenges and best practices. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Student-Recruitment-Agents-in-International-Higher-Education-A-Multi-Stakeholder-Perspective-on-Challenges-and-Best-Practices/Nikula-Raimo-West/p/book/9781032136059

Nikula, P. T. (2022). Education agent standards in Australia and New Zealand – government’s role in agent-based international student recruitment. Studies in Higher Education, 47(4), 831–846. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1811219

Nikula, P.T., & Kivistö, J. (2018). Hiring education agents for international student recruitment: Perspectives from agency theory. Higher Education Policy, 31, 535–557. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-017-0070-8

Nikula, P.-T., & Kivistö, J. (2020). Monitoring of education agents engaged in international student recruitment: Perspectives from agency theory. Journal of Studies in International Education, 24(2), 212-231. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318825338

Nikula, P.T., Yang, Y., & Castaneda, R.A. (2026). Students as informants: Methodological considerations in education agent research. Critical Internationalization Studies Review, 5(1), Article 5.
https://doi.org/10.70531/2832-3211.1054

Robinson-Pant, A., & Magyar, A. (2018). The Recruitment Agent in Internationalized Higher Education: Commercial Broker and Cultural Mediator. Journal of Studies in International Education, 22(3), 225-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318762485

Yang, Y. (2026). Taken-for-granted understandings in access to international higher education: a study of Chinese agent-user students’ university application experiences. Educational Review, 78(2), 203–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2025.2462636

Yang, Y., Lomer, S. (2026). “Emergent” hierarchisation in access to international higher education: a study of Chinese agent-user students’ overseas university application experiences. Higher Education, 91, 629–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-025-01433-z

Zheng, E., Burford, J., & Henderson, E. F. (2026). Picturing education agent-student relationships in China: an exploratory study. Globalisation, Societies and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2026.2660776

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.